A Traditional Lunch at Karnak

Journal: Monday 13 March 2000

While we were out and about in Luxor a few days ago, Jenny and I met a girl who was staying in a hotel called the Nefertiti, which she said was cheap and quite good. Always on the lookout for decent budget hotels, this morning we went to investigate. The Nefertiti is somewhere down one of the little side streets in the area around the suq and it took us a while to find it. We had a look around and were shown into a couple of the rooms, which were cramped but adequate (I’m being kind here) and probably about the standard one would expect for EL15 (£1.50) a night for a double room. After thanking the hotel manager for showing us around we decided to go up onto the roof for a cup of coffee. There seemed to be quite a lot of floors and as we climbed and climbed up the dark winding staircase to the top of the building, Jenny and I decided that the hotel was not for us. For a start we guessed that it would be very noisy being in the position it was in. Hot and breathless we slumped into a couple of cane chairs and ordered our coffee which turned out to be a cup of warm water and a packet of powdered Nescafe (another black mark). Then I turned around to look over the wall. The whole of Luxor Temple was laid out before us in all its glory in a vista which must be practically unique. We could see right down into the open courtyards and onto the roofs of the chambers - what an amazing view! I gave the hotel a gold star just for that view.

A young friend of mine, Ibrahim, has been trying to teach me Arabic for the past couple of years. His own grasp of English is excellent and we will occasionally spend an hour or two together when he will give me lists of words and phrases to memorise and then test me on them at a later date. Gradually my knowledge of the language is increasing little by little so that I am able to understand conversations and even contribute now and then. People I meet who don’t know me are often quite impressed by my command of Arabic (which is mostly total bluff!). Today Ibrahim’s mother, Hyat, had invited Jenny and I to lunch at the family home near Karnak and Ibrahim came to our hotel to collect us and take us there in a taxi. Their pretty house is quite large and the brightly painted front door is reached through a little garden. When we arrived we were welcomed by Ibrahim’s mother, who everyone calls Haga, a title of respect as she’s made the pilgrimage to Mecca. We were also introduced to his younger sister Sayla who was just as welcoming though a little shy. In the reception room we were brought a tray of tea and we all chatted for a while before being shown over the rest of the house, right up onto the roof that has a lovely view over to Karnak Temple and where the family’s chickens are kept. Afterwards, Haga provided a superb meal of traditional Egyptian dishes and Jenny and I both felt we had eaten far to much by the time we left. What a lovely family.

Being so close to Karnak, Jenny and I decided to walk over there for a quick look around. I had forgotten that the entrance route has been recently changed and part of the surrounding land fenced off which meant quite a long hike around to the front of the temple. It was mid-afternoon and a perfect time to have a look at the reliefs on the Third Pylon as the light was just right to show them at their best. These reliefs are very shallow and it is sometimes difficult to pick out detail, but today they looked very good and I took several photographs of the Barque of Amenhotep III with what is believed to be a tiny figure of the future Amenhotep IV (Akhenaten). After looking around the rest of the Sanctuary area the crowds were beginning to thicken, so we left Karnak to take a taxi back to our hotel.

The Road to Thoth Hill

Journal: Sunday 12 March 2000

I swore I’d never ride a donkey again! But somehow today I found myself once more astride one of these overstuffed sofas bouncing through the fields of the West Bank on the way to the King’s Valley road. It was no fault of the poor donkey - Jenny had arranged the trip with Mandour and I let myself be talked into it. We were to ride the donkeys from el-Gezira to the foot of Thoth Hill, and I suppose that was the attraction. For a long time I’ve wanted to walk up Thoth Hill, but everyone usually tells me it’s too hot at the time I’m in Egypt, so just to get an idea of the route sounded helpful.

The spur of mountain now known as Thoth Hill is at the very northerly point of the Theban necropolis and I’m told is an exhausting three hour hike from the road leading to the Valley of the Kings, just past the house which Howard Carter once used. On top of the mountain is the oldest known temple to be built in Thebes, its origins dating to the Archaic Period. Although the mountain is locally known as the ‘Crown of Thebes’, it was called Thoth Hill because three baboon statues were originally found there (representing the god Thoth). The remains of monuments on top of the hill were surveyed as long ago as 1909 by Petrie but a more thorough excavation was done by a Hungarian Mission during the 1990s. There the excavators found a mudbrick structure built on top of an artificial Middle Kingdom stone terrace. Walls with an entrance pylon contained a free-standing sanctuary with three chambers. Many objects were found in the clearance work including foundation deposits and fragments of a limestone lintel and limestone door jambs which were carved with an inscription in the name of Sankhkare, dedicating the temple to the god Horus. It was thought by the excavators that the temple had been astronomically oriented towards the heliacal rising of the star Sirius (at that time) which was associated with the god Horus in ancient times. Further work on the level below the Middle Kingdom terrace revealed, to the surprise of the Hungarian archaeologists, a previously undiscovered stone temple with only a single sanctuary. It is the pottery and architectural fragments found in the earlier remains that date the structure to the Archaic Period. The earlier temple differs in its orientation to Sirius by around two degrees from the later structure, suggesting a shift in the star positions over the intervening centuries and the astronomical calculations involved assist in its dating.

Although I would love to visit this site, it’s a long trek in the hot weather and must be done with a guide who knows the way. So after an hour or so on the back of the donkey, we found ourselves turning off the road to the King’s Valley and along a sandy track leading into the mountains. By this time I was sore and aching but rescue was at hand in the form of the police, who came dashing after us and forbid us to go any further. I don’t think I’ve ever been so grateful for their intervention. As I said once before - never again!

The Hill of the Emblem

Journal: Saturday 11 March 2000

The road to Dendera from Luxor follows the East Bank of the Nile northwards towards Qena. There are several small villages along the route, but as we were travelling today with the police convoy there was little time to admire the scenery. We left Luxor at 8.00am sharp with several other coaches and mini-buses as well as a few privately-hired taxis, winding our way through the suburban hamlets before we hit the first checkpoint and then the long straight road towards Qus, the first small town to the north of Luxor. For the first few kilometres the convoy sorted itself out - there is always a race to get to the front, each vehicle overtaking recklessly, often diving back in to the right lane between coaches just before a loaded truck screams past in the opposite direction. This is a two-lane road, but in Egypt everyone drives down the centre until they are forced to one side or the other by oncoming traffic. Drivers with nerves of steel will play a waiting game to see who will give way first and there are horns constantly blaring loudly. Gravel was scattered as the speeding convoy passed a donkey pulling a loaded cart down the edge of the road in the wrong direction and the driver turned and scowled, shouting something as our mini-bus edged past giving the unpredictable animal a wide berth. Our driver didn’t take part in the race to be first, preferring to hang back at a more leisurely pace but he was soon hurried on by a police vehicle for going too slowly, the captain leaning out of his window, waving his arms and shouting at us to get a move on. We sped through small villages, narrowly missing pedestrians trying to cross the road while mothers reached out to grab hold of tiny children and chickens and goats bolted for safety into open doorways. The villagers justifiably hate the convoys as much as I do and I’m never sure if their rage is directed at us tourists or the tourist police, but probably both.

When we reached Qena the convoy split up. Most of the coaches were making the journey through the Eastern Desert to Hurghada on the coast while our minibus and a few other vehicles crossed the bridge over the wide river to the West Bank and drove through the fields of sugar cane to Dendera Temple. Although our primary destination today was Abydos, the convoy stopped for a hour and a half at Dendera, so that’s what we had to do. Our French companions, Katrina and Danny, hadn’t been to Dendera before and they rushed off through the great tall gateway and disappeared into the huge facade of the Temple of Hathor to make the most of their visit, while Jenny and I hung back and ambled around away from the crowds. We had taken a day-cruise to Dendera last October, which didn’t feel like very long ago, so we spent most of our time looking at the various structures in the temple precinct, only going into the temple later to climb the winding staircase onto the roof for an overview of the subsidiary buildings.

Before long we were back in our mini-bus and on our way to Abydos. Many of the coaches had gone back to Luxor and the convoy now consisted of only half a dozen vehicles and a police truck that was in no particular hurry, so it was a much more leisurely drive. We had crossed back to the East Bank, only to cross the Nile again at Nag Hamadi where the bridge crosses a barrage and the river froths and boils around the massive stone supports below the road. We made a brief stop while the police captain bought some fresh fish from a stall on the bridge before driving on past the tall steam-belching chimneys of the Nag Hamadi sugar-cane factory and after another hour or so, arrived at Abydos.

The ancient town of Abydos (Abdju) was traditionally associated with the god Osiris and the religious significance of the site dates back to the very beginnings of Egyptian history when the earliest rulers chose to be buried in the desert necropolis in the sacred cult centre of Osiris. In the myth of Osiris and Seth, after the god was hacked into fourteen pieces by his treacherous brother Seth, Osiris’s wife Isis set out to find the parts of her husband’s body which were scattered all along the Nile. Each piece she found, she buried in a secret place until the body of Osiris could be reassembled. The god’s head had been found at Abydos, according to the legend and this was where Isis finally buried his embalmed body and he once more achieved immortality. Afterwards, Isis remained inconsolable and her grief gave rise to another story that her tears caused the annual flooding of the Nile. Since ancient times the rich and powerful men of Egypt wished to be buried at Abydos where Osiris himself lay and the ancient name Abdju has been interpreted as the ‘Hill of the Emblem’, referring to the grave of Osiris.

Whenever I go into the Temple at Abydos I am again awed by the superb colourful reliefs of Seti I and the fact that they have survived so well-preserved for all these centuries. I can stand and look at them for hours and marvel at the workmanship of each carved hieroglyph and the beautiful depiction of the King and the gods in the long columned Osiris Hall at the rear. I also love the dark interior of the Hypostyle Halls with their tall papyrus columns. But today we had only an hour and a half here and as this was Jenny’s first visit we walked right through the temple so that she could get a brief view of each room, before going out to the Osirion behind. Apart from the handful of tourists who came with the convoy, the temple was packed with Egyptian schoolchildren and I have to say I didn’t enjoy the visit as much as I could have done. No doubt I have been spoilt by the few days I spent at here in March 1999 with Robin, when we had the whole temple to ourselves for hours at a time. The only consolation was that Jenny, as well as Katrina and Danny, really enjoyed their time in Abydos and I was very glad we had been invited to share the adventure.

We arrived back in Luxor in the late afternoon. Our return journey was uneventful and I’m happy to say was more relaxed than the morning drive had been. We were able to enjoy the countryside with the golden reflection of a sinking sun on the ramparts of the hills that form a boundary with the desert beyond.

An afternoon on the West Bank

Journal: Thursday 9 March 2000

After spending our first two days here in Luxor on the East Bank, it was time to cross the river, a journey on the local ferry I never get tired of making. Traditionally and in my mind too, Luxor town represents the hustle and bustle of life lived to the full with the never-ending noise and fumes of traffic and the chaos of the suq where tradesmen and customers alike shout at each other constantly. Long ago I discovered that shouting in Egypt does not necessarily equate with aggression, it’s just the way Egyptian people are, their exuberant nature means that most conversations seem to include raised voices and wild gesticulations. The Arabic language can sound harsh to our Western ears when voices are raised, but when spoken softly it is like poetry. Even on our way to the ferry today Jenny and I were besieged by felucca owners along the Corniche, one after another trying to get us to take an afternoon sail, shouting after us as we went by telling them ‘La shukran’ (no thank you).

Crossing to the West Bank means leaving this frantic way of life behind, at least once we had navigated our way past the ferry dock to find transport. But the village of Gezira el-Bahrat is just as lively as Luxor and there are always a lot of people milling around the dock. I have stayed here a few times and have made many friends and acquaintances so it was not surprising that we were stopped by several people who welcomed me back as we got off the ferry. This familiarity always makes me feel like I’ve come home. The first couple of arabeyas waiting to take passengers to Qurna were too crowded so we walked up the road a little way and ran into Mandour, an old friend, who persuaded us to go to the coffee shop for a drink with him. It never takes much persuading for me to go to a coffee shop to sample the first delicious cup of strong Egyptian coffee of the day. I have known Mandour for several years so we sat outside the cafe and chatted for a while, asking about each others families and catching up on news while watching people coming and going on the street. Mandour told us that he had hired a mini-bus to take a French couple to Abydos on Saturday and invited Jenny and I to join them. As we hadn’t planned a trip to Abydos this time the invitation was a lovely surprise and we happily accepted. Arrangements were made to meet up on Saturday, then Mandour flagged down an arabeya to take us to the taftish. We climbed up into the back of the covered Peugeot pick-up and took our places on the bench seat next to an old lady dressed in the traditional black galabeya and veil. On the opposite seat were two small children, probably her grandchildren, who silently sat and stared at us with round wide eyes until I produced a bag of sweets. After asking ‘Granny’ if this was OK I handed out sweets all round and was rewarded with the biggest widest grins I’ve ever seen from the two children. This seemed to break the ice and it wasn’t long before a couple of male passengers began asking questions, wanting to know if we lived here, did we have an Egyptian husband, would we like an Egyptian husband, and why not, what’s wrong with Egyptian men? Replying that we both had husbands at home thank you very much, didn’t seem to deter them and they persisted with this line of friendly bantering until it was time for us to get off.

The West Bank, ‘Land of the Dead’, is largely a necropolis of the ancient Theban people and a sense of quiet peace always descends on me the further I get from the river. Even the enthusiastic gaggle of children who later followed us around the village, chanting ‘What’s your name?’ could not dispel the calm atmosphere of Qurna on a warm sleepy afternoon. We had met my friend Robin at the taftish and together we went to visit a number of tombs in Qurna and Asasif, first Ramose and Khaemhet followed by Menna and Nakht. The last two tombs, Kheruef and Ankh-hor belonged to stewards of the ‘God’s Wives of Amun’ the ‘Divine Adoratrix’ whose shrines I had looked at yesterday at Karnak. The tombs were interesting to contrast with each other, as Kheruef had lived during the reign of Amenhotep III in Dynasty XVIII and was the steward to the ‘Great Royal Wife’ Tiye, while Ankh-hor held office much later, being steward to the ‘God’ Wife’ Nitocris in Dynasty XXVI.

It was a long dusty afternoon in the tombs and when we had finished we went with Robin to the house on the West Bank where she was temporarily living. I fell in love with the house immediately. It belongs to a European woman and Robin was renting a room while she looked for a more permanent home here. The house is a design by Hassan Fathy, the award-winning Egyptian architect who, in the 1940s, had designed the village of New Qurna as an experiment in the traditional values of local architecture as a response to the European influenced concrete housing that was springing up all over Egypt at the time. New Qurna was one of Fathy’s most famous projects, commissioned by the Egyptian Antiquities Department as an answer to the problem of the relocation of families from the old village of Qurna, tomb-robbers by reputation, who were living on top of the ancient necropolis. Offering a viable low-cost traditional housing for the rural population, Fathy’s village at New Qurna was designed to satisfy the individual needs of each family in the community, each with cool and airy living spaces. Unfortunately the experiment and the new village was doomed to failure as the villagers resisted relocating to their new homes and made every effort to stay where they were. Also, at that time people wanted ‘modern’, which they equated with ‘western-designed’ homes and not the traditional architecture more appropriate to the Egyptian climate and building materials. Like the houses of New Qurna, Robin’s home was light and spacious, with high domed ceilings, decorative window grids and built-in stone bench seating and I thought its elegant simplicity was wonderful.

Later this evening Robin, Jenny and I had dinner together in the restaurant of Mahmoud’s Hotel opposite the taftish, a lovely traditional Egyptian meal of rice, lots of different vegetable dishes and Omm Ali to follow for dessert.

The Hand of God

Journal: Wednesday 8 March 2000

Today Jenny and I were up early because we wanted to get to Karnak before the crowds, but by 8.00am the temple was already busy when we arrived. I had recently become very interested in the religious role of ‘God’s Wife of Amun’ so I set off for the northern part of Karnak to investigate their shrines. At least this was away from the more crowded areas of the temples, which became more deserted as I walked past the open air museum on the path towards the Temple of Ptah. There are several chapels of the Gods’ Wives on the left hand side of the path, in various states of ruin, but some still had some interesting reliefs.

During the Late Period the wives of kings are rarely represented, but in Thebes, the female office of the ‘God’s Wife of Amun’, or ‘Divine Adoratrice’ is often seen as supremely important, a figure holding a position of power and wealth even greater than that of the High Priest. The title of ‘God’s Wife’ can be traced right back to the Middle Kingdom, but the office became more prominent at the beginning of the New Kingdom, with Ahmose-Nefertari, wife of Ahmose I, whose donation stele found at Karnak, tells us much about her role. At that time the title was usually given to the wife of the reigning king, her names were written in a cartouche and she was often succeeded by her daughter. Many royal ladies of the New Kingdom were associated with this office, at least nominally, including Queens Hatshepsut, Tiye and Nefertari.

Duties of the God’s Wife were essentially religious, associated with musical ceremonies and titles such as ‘Chantress of the Abode of Amun’, and often with fertility connotations. Her function was to play the part of the consort of the god Amun in religious ceremonies, stressing the belief that kings were conceived from the union between Amun and the Great Royal Wife. The title ‘The Hand of the God’ was also sometimes used when referring to her relationship to Atum in a creation myth – Atum’s hand being regarded as female. The regalia changed through Dynasties XVIII to XX, but usually included the vulture headdress with uraeus and often the shwty plumes, or falcon tail feathers worn by Amun and Min, or sometimes the sundisc and Hathor horns on a modius, a sort of circular crown. In the later new Kingdom a pleated robe with a red sash replaced the earlier slim sheath dress. Her insignia included the sistrum, menat, a variety of musical instruments and the flagellum.

From Dynasty XXI onwards it was always the king’s unmarried daughter or sister who was given the title of ‘God’s Wife’ and the role became increasingly important. Maatkare, daughter of Pinudjem I is depicted as God’s Wife in the Temple of Khonsu at the southern side of Karnak. Her titles were ‘Divine Adoratrice, sole wife of the god’. Henuttawy, daughter of Pinudjem II is also depicted here. It was from this time on that the God’s Wives adopted a coronation name as well as a birth name. During the reigns of the Libyan kings, their sons were given the office of High Priest of Amun and their daughters the title of ‘God’s Wife of Amun’. Some of the daughters of Libyan Chiefs and Egyptian elite were called ‘Chantress of the Inner Abode of Amun’ and presided over a college of priestesses, which seems to have been a kind of upper class convent.

At Karnak, several chapels were dedicated to Osiris and to Amun who was, by the Late Period, associated with him. They were mostly built during the period when Nubian kings ruled at Thebes and were dedicated by the reigning ‘God’s Wives’. The first shrine I came to on the northern path, the chapel of Osiris Neb-ankh (Lord of Life) dating to the Dynasty XXV reign of the Nubian King Shabaka, is in a fairly ruinous condition. Although there is now little remaining of the pylon entrance, courtyard and two inner chambers, the cartouches of Shabaka and the God’s Wife Amenirdis (I) can still be seen on the entrance.

The second structure here is better preserved with some good reliefs. This is the (earlier) chapel of Ankhnesneferibre who was a daughter of King Psamtik II of the Saite Dynasty XXVI and sister of King Wahibre (Apries). We know from surviving texts that this lady arrived in Thebes at only seven months old (in 595 BC) and was eventually installed as ‘High Priest’ of Amun. The next structure is her later chapel which is larger still and originally had a four-columned hall and a sanctuary at the rear. Parts of the gates survive and reliefs of Ankhnesneferibre before various deities can be clearly seen, including cartouches of Kings Ahmose II and Psamtik III. In one of the reliefs she is followed by her chief steward and fan-bearer who is named here as Sheshonq. There are also some lovely depictions of a lion-headed cobra and a strange underworld deity with two duck’s heads.

Next to Ankhnesneferibre’s chapel is another tiny shrine, also a chapel of Osiris Neb-ankh. This is like a little dolls-house, dedicated by the God’s Wife Shepenwepet (II), a daughter of King Taharqa of Dynasty XXV. Said to be perhaps the smallest religious monument in Egypt with a doorway only a little over a metre high leading to a tiny inner chamber, it is difficult to imagine any ceremony taking place here. There are some superb deeply-carved reliefs inside this little shrine with cartouches of Shepenwepet (II) and her sister the ‘God’s Wife’ Amenirdis, (II) as well as a cartouche inscribed for Osiris Neb-ankh.

Bypassing the Temple of Ptah I walked over to the next Osiris structure, an enigmatic little chapel, now just a small single chamber, dedicated by Amenirdis to Osiris De-ese-hebsed, also dating from Dynasty XXV. There were two God’s Wives named Amenirdis, the first a daughter of King Kashta and the second, who constructed this monument, was daughter of the Nubian King Taharqa. I had already seen the chapels at Medinet Habu belonging to this royal lady. Moving on I passed the scant remains of a Ptolemaic Temple of Osiris, no more than a lintel and two door-jambs.

Against the eastern enclosure wall is the largest remaining and one of the earliest chapels dedicated by the God’s Wives at Karnak. This is the Temple of Osiris Heka-djet (’Osiris, Ruler of Eternity’) which was built by the Libyan king Osorkon III and his son, the High Priest of Amun, Takelot III of Dynasty XXIII. This structure has high walls and I had to find a guard to let me inside through the locked door. Though there was once an entrance gate and a courtyard, these are now gone and I went straight into the first of three small rooms, the two innermost rooms being the earliest part of the temple. High on one wall there is a lovely relief of Shepenwepet (I) presenting an image of Ma’at to Amun and receiving a menat necklace from the goddess Isis, while her successor, Amenirdis (I), receives an ankh from Amun and Mut. There are some very unusual reliefs in this temple, including the only known depiction of a God’s Wife, Shepenwepet, wearing the double crown of Upper and Lower Egypt, complete with royal uraeus, normally a strict prerogative of the pharaoh. Another beautiful and unique dual-scene shows the two rulers, Osorkon and his co-regent Takelot, back to back under two ished-trees, while the gods write the kings’ names on the leaves. There is also an unusual series of seven false doors each one carved inside the other. I loved this little temple, it was just a pity that the combination of shadows and shallow reliefs did not offer a good opportunity for photography.

Trying to work out the sequence of shrines and Gods’ Wives was all a bit confusing, but I made a lot of notes and took pictures to study at a later date. Meanwhile Jenny had been looking at the pylons on the transverse axis and had persuaded a guard to let her through to the tenth pylon, which is normally closed off to visitors, and we met up at lunchtime at the cafeteria for a drink. We spent the rest of the afternoon looking at other areas of the temple together before taking a taxi back to our hotel.

Divine Birth

Journal: Tuesday 7 March 2000

This morning dawned clear and warm, like a glorious summer’s day in England. Perfect! I was woken early by the call of the muezzin ’s prayer to discover that a mosque is right next door with a loudspeaker on the minaret pointing straight at our window. While some might find this noisy awakening annoying, I have come to love the gentle sound of the day’s first call to prayer, ‘Allah’u Akhbar’, echoing off the rooftops and merging with other calls from the mosques all over Luxor. It’s a great way to wake up and I knew instantly I was in Egypt. I mused that if an alarm clock was made with this sound I wouldn’t mind getting up in the mornings at home. Jenny and I had breakfast downstairs on the paved terrace next to the tiny swimming pool - which was newly built but not yet filled and I could see that the little garden around it had been planted up so that in a year or two it would be very pretty. A standard breakfast in an Egyptian hotel usually consists of bread (in this case, fresh white torpedo rolls), a hard-boiled egg, little triangles of soft processed cheese and individual pots of fig jam or honey. Sometimes there may be thin slices of a hard cheese and tomatoes and often pickled gherkins or carrot (something I’ve never fancied first thing in the morning). The coffee was instant powdered Nescafe, but being somewhat of a coffee snob I’ve learned never to travel without my real filter coffee bags.

With breakfast over, Jenny and I went out to wander around, seeing many local people who recognised us and we were welcomed back by everyone we met. It was one of those mornings of endless cups of tea with the stallholders in the suq, but all we actually bought were bottles of water. After lunch I phoned my friend Robin who now lives here on the West Bank and she met us later in Luxor Temple.

Being only five months since I was last here, nothing much had changed in the temple, which in the early afternoon was fairly quiet. Entering through the massive pylon of Rameses II, we wandered the open halls and colonnades through to the southern end, looking at various reliefs on the way. There is always something in every site that I have never noticed before, no matter how many times I’ve visited and today I spotted an Amarna block with a relief of the Aten, stacked with others behind a metal gate in one of the small side chambers. I wonder how it got there. While Jenny and Robin carried on looking around, I went to take pictures in the ‘Birth Room’. Last time I was here I had looked at the detail of the Opet Festival scenes on the walls of Amenhotep’s colonnade. The ‘Birth Room’ however, is deep inside the inner part of the temple and has a sequence of scenes depicting the divine birth of Amenhotep III, rather similar to those of Hatshepsut at Deir el-Bahri.

The reliefs are very shallow and worn and also pock-marked by later re-use of the temple, so they are not easy to photograph clearly. This room used to be open to the air and much lighter than it is now with its wooden roof. On the west wall, the lower register shows Amenhotep’s mother, Queen Mutemwiya, sitting on a bed with Amun-re, their divine union having been consummated. Amun-re then instructs the ram-headed god Khnum to fashion the baby Amenhotep and his ka out of clay on his potter’s wheel. The scene above shows the queen with Thoth, being led to the birth chamber by Khnum and Hathor where she gives birth to the ka of Amenhotep while seated on a block throne. The goddess Hathor presents the child to his father, Amun-re, who embraces the boy while Mut and Hathor watch over him. In the register above, Amenhotep is suckled by thirteen goddesses. The future king’s reign length is determined by an assembly of deities. This whole picture of divine birth is a royal propaganda myth, told on the walls of the king’s temple in order to legitimise his reign, just as Hatshepsut did before him at Deir el-Bahri. But the scene may also relate to some esoteric ritual of the Opet Festival, in the form of a ‘divine marriage’  perhaps performed annually here to symbolise renewal and strengthen the rulership.

By the time the crowds began to filter back into the temple in the late afternoon we were ready to leave. It was a beautiful evening and the sun was going down over the Theban mountain, setting the river alight with ripples of orange like tongues of flame as we walked around the corner to have a meal together at the Amoun Restaurant.

A New Millennium in Egypt

Journal: Monday 6 March 2000

It’s a new millennium, or is it? I thought that was next year, but hey, everyone seemed to be celebrating the end of the century at New Year. Anyway, I’m back in Egypt with my friend Jenny. Just like me, Jenny couldn’t wait to get back here and we started making plans and checking out flights as soon as we got home at the end of October, this time travelling once more with Egyptair and staying in a hotel in Luxor. Good old Egyptair. We arrived only two hours late after being held up for some unexplained reason at Heathrow, but that’s quite normal.

It was late when we arrived in Luxor and I was worried that the taxi I had arranged to collect us from the airport would be long gone, but the dear driver had checked our arrival time and was there waiting for us outside the terminal. I was so pleased to be here that I don’t even remember driving into town. We had booked a room in a small Egyptian run hotel on the East Bank, the New Radwan on Sharia Manshea near the railway station. If people ask where the hotel is I will say that it’s next door to Twinkies. Everyone knows Twinkies, the most exquisite patisserie in Luxor. The New Radwan may be a little less glamorous than our last hotel, the Sonesta, but it has been recently refurbished and is very clean and comfortable and the friendly staff were very welcoming to a couple of tired and disheveled travellers. With a double room for only LE80 (£4.00 each) a night, I knew straight away that we had made a good choice. The Sonesta last year was beautiful but I always felt a bit uncomfortable telling the locals I was staying there. I could see the dollar signs light up in their eyes! Added to that I felt that my clothes, after a day crawling around the tombs, didn’t quite fit into those luxurious surroundings, where most of the clients wore business suits. I still prefer the smaller Egyptian hotels as they have much more character and it is nice to get to know the staff.

One thing that surprised me getting here late tonight is that it is very cold. I hadn’t expected the temperature to be so low. I hope it warms up tomorrow. Jenny and fell into bed around midnight after unpacking. Neither of us felt like going out into town, which is very unusual for me.

Going Home

Journal: Wednesday 27 October 1999

The century is coming to an end and so is my visit to Egypt. As I often do on my last day, I got up early to watch the sunrise. Sitting out on the balcony in the mild morning air, I couldn’t see the sun but its effect on the Theban Mountain over the river was magnificent, turning the quiet riverscape to a misty blue with the glowing pink reflection of the rising sun on the distant hills as a backdrop. A few hot air balloons drifted lazily, high over the West Bank and I wished I too had that birds-eye view over this land that I love.

Staying in the luxurious Sonesta Hotel has been great, though we don’t seem to have spent much time taking advantage of its amenities. I have been down to the swimming pool only twice in the two weeks we’ve been here and then only to sit in the shade and read for a while, or to watch the feluccas sail by on the river in the late afternoon. Oddly enough, the thing that has impressed me most about this hotel, are the ladies toilets in the pool area. The first time I used these was hilarious. They are self-flushing! As this is the first time I have come across this innovation in Egypt, or anywhere else for that matter, I just couldn’t work out how this was happening. Was someone watching me in my cubicle? The taps on the hand-basins turn on by themselves too. Isn’t modern technology wonderful?

What a land of contrasts Egypt is. Here I am in the glamorous surroundings of a brand new five-star hotel, tickled by the novel plumbing, while my Egyptian friends on the West Bank live more or less as they have done for hundreds of years in what we in the west would consider very primitive conditions. It’s true that many now have satellite television, though sometimes no running water in their homes and it is this more than anything else that will change these people forever. How can they watch glossy ’soaps’, American TV shows and music videos day after day and not become discontent with what they have. Very few people here have a telephone in their homes, but I’ve noticed on this trip quite a few cell phones appearing, glued to the ears of the younger men. How they love to talk!

Jenny and I spent the morning on the West Bank saying goodbye to Egyptian friends before going back to Luxor for lunch at the Amoun Restaurant, where we met David. I regret that we didn’t manage to arrange any trips with my friend Sam who arrived a few days ago, but that’s often the way things are here. It’s not always easy to make plans, especially to travel outside Luxor.

Our coach arrived to collect us from the hotel at 3.00pm for a six o’clock flight - much too early in my opinion and it meant waiting for hours in the gloomy departure lounge of Luxor airport feeling very sad to be leaving, as usual.

Festivals of Min and Sokar

Journal: Tuesday 26 October 1999

On our last full day in Egypt, we again returned to my favourite temple, the mortuary temple of Rameses III at Medinet Habu on the West Bank. We made the familiar journey over the river on the tireless workhorse that is the passenger ferry, with its battered decks strewn with any rubbish that had escaped being thrown or blown over the side. Sitting up on the top deck in the morning sunshine on a wooden bench polished by thousands of passengers, we could see far down the river to the north and south, while spread behind us was the whole vista of Luxor Corniche with the temple as its crowning glory. Usually it is only the tourists who sit on the uncovered top deck and of course the young guys and touts who hope to make some money out of them. I’d much rather sit there in the fresh air than in the cramped lower deck with fumes belching out over those too near to the engine room and where space is at a premium and always must be shared with bicycles, various animals and caged birds as well as bundles of shopping, sacks of rice or grain and the ferry vendors selling little bags of nuts and seeds. Jenny and I sat in the stern next to an old man with a stout stick who must have been at least a hundred and who nodded and smiled his toothless smile, saying ‘welcome’ over and over all the way to the West Bank. How I love the Luxor ferry!

At the dock we got off the ferry and had to fight off a barrage of aggressive taxi drivers before finding the arabeya to Qurna, which we took as far as the Colossi of Memnon. Getting off and going round to the front of the truck to pay the driver our 25 piastres each, I was aware of curious stares from groups of visitors gathered around several tourist coaches parked by the statues. We were obviously a distraction from the guides’ well-rehearsed monologues. After buying our tickets to Habu Temple at the taftish, we set off down the dusty track leading the village, stopping for a while on the way to watch a couple of vivid green bee-eaters sitting on a telephone wire.

Inside the temple, I wanted to look at the various festival scenes. On the south exterior wall of the temple there is a calendar of festivals which names over 60 festival days in a year, most of them fixed dates in the civil calendar. These were occasions when the king, or his representative, the High Priest, would celebrate the feast in the name of the people of Egypt, offering to the various deities to ensure that order, or ma’at, would be maintained. The second court at Medinet Habu was the ‘Festival Hall’ and its main function is reflected in the reliefs on the surrounding walls.

On the east wall of the second court, the gods of Upper and Lower Egypt lead Rameses III to a shrine containing the Theban Triad, Amun, Mut and Khons. On the north wall, the king is ritually prepared to take part in the fertility Festival of Min which originally took place on the first day of the lunar month at the beginning of harvest, Shemu. At the west end of the north wall the King, wearing the ‘blue crown’ is carried out of his palace on a portable throne, followed by fan-bearers and surrounded by priests and officials and the royal children. Musicians lead the procession, playing trumpets, flutes and sistra, while drummers beat out the pace. Further along the King performs sacrifices at the shrine of Min, offering ‘bread, beer, oxen, fowl and every good thing’ In the next scene the statue of the fertility god Min is in full view, borne aloft on carrying poles draped in metal-studded red cloth and a chest containing his emblematic lettuce plants is carried behind. In front of this are the King, this time wearing the ‘red crown’, the Queen, a row of priests carrying standards and a while bull which may have represented one of the aspects of Min. The subsequent order of the festival rites gets a bit lost and is partly on the east wall and partly on the north. There is a lovely scene of the King cutting a sheaf of wheat, a ritual act of sympathetic magic designed to ensure a good harvest, the sheaf being presented to the god to be blessed. With statues of the royal ancestors looking on, the King finally releases four doves, symbols of the ‘Four sons of Horus’, who carry news of the ritual to the four corners of the universe.

The south wall of the second court depicts an even more important annual festival performed at Medinet Habu, that of the god Sokar. This festival traditionally took place on the eve of the planting season, Peret, and lasted for ten days. The god Sokar represented the dark potent counterpart of Min in the underworld and was assimilated with Osiris, also an underworld deity. The first five days of the festival, (not depicted in the second court) concentrate on the preparation of ‘Osiris beds’, wooden frames containing grain which were planted and germinated, again an aspect of sympathetic magic embodying the symbol of resurrection and fruition. In the second court the reliefs begin once the festival gets underway on the sixth day, which was a major holiday for the people of Thebes at this time. At the west end of the south wall the celebrations begin at dawn with the King, Rameses III, offering a heaped platter of food to the god. Behind the hawk-headed Sokar-Osiris is the ‘Great Ennead’ of Memphis who were the god’s companions. We see the cult statue of Sokar in his portable shrine, the henu-barque, with its aegis of an antelope head and little birds on the prow. For the public ceremonies the barque of Sokar was taken out of the god’s sanctuary in the temple by the priests and dragged around the walls on a sledge pulled by ropes. Many standards and other divine barques are depicted in the procession that wended its way through the Theban necropolis and it is easy to imagine a great day of feasting when the whole Theban population would join in the celebrations. In the reliefs the King is seen pulling the end of the rope, joined by officials, priests and the royal children, but the barque itself, in a later scene, is carried on the shoulders of priests. One unusual scene in the procession shows the standard of Nefertem, another Memphite god, in the form of a long pole capped by a lotus flower and two plumes and this is followed by a standard of Horus as a falcon wearing the ‘double-crown’. The final stage of the festival is depicted on the eastern wall where the procession is joined by barques of five Memphite goddesses and several other deities, priests carrying offerings to be placed upon the altars, officials and the King’s retinue. The festival of Sokar, so colourfully depicted in the second court, was a festival of renewal, for both the land and the King and was confirmation for the local community that the annual cycle of harmony and growth would carry on for the coming year.

Jenny and I spent almost the whole day in Medinet Habu with only a short break for lunch at the Rameses Cafe and by the time we made our return journey over the river the sun was setting in an apricot glow over the Theban Mountain. As the tall white billowing sails of feluccas scudded by the ferry in the evening breeze, I tried hard not to remember that this would be my last sunset here for a while.

Luxor Suq

Journal: Monday 25 October 1999

This morning Jenny and I walked along the Luxor Corniche to the Mummification Museum, a relatively new museum that I hadn’t visited before. It is housed by the river in a very modern building which is entered down steps to river level. Unfortunately when we got there it was closed and we didn’t have a ‘plan B’. Wandering back towards the temple I noticed that there were some new traffic signs. Traffic lights, an innovation here in Luxor, had appeared a little while ago, but needless to say Egyptian drivers still acted as though they weren’t there and it would seem that these signs have been erected to try to encourage responsible behaviour on the road. I wondered why they were written in English….

We cut up through the covered Tourist Bazaar near the Etap Hotel, where prices are supposed to be fixed and shopkeepers are not allowed to hassle tourists. This bazaar is more relaxed than the local suq, although prices do tend to be higher. It is crammed with stores selling souvenirs - jewellery, tee-shirts and tourist galabeyas, papyrus painted with Tutankhamun’s golden mask and lots of brass and inlaid furniture. Young Egyptian guys stand outside their shops trying to attract foreigners without appearing to hassle. It must be a hard life, especially with people like me who never buy these mass-produced souvenirs.

After a coffee in the Amoun restaurant we continued on to the local bazaar which is much more lively. After the first couple of hundred metres where tourist stalls are most common the suq becomes a market place for local shopping. Men sit outside coffee shops smoking shisha and arguing while black-clad women squat on the ground beside their baskets of fruit or eggs. Small flocks of goats or sheep wander around untended and donkeys pull flat carts laden with fruit or vegetables, trying to avoid the boys on bicycles who zig-zag in and out between the stalls. Further along the pavement becomes a dirt road with missing covers from the manholes that always seem to be overflowing with sewerage. There are many bargains to be had in this part of the suq, where everything from bolts of fabric to crockery as well as food can be found. There are bicycle repair shops, tailors with their treadle machines who can run up a galabeya or shirt in an hour or so and many shops selling genuine shishas (water-pipes) rather than the tourist ones. The only thing I really dislike about this part of the bazaar are the haunches of dark fly-covered meat which hang outside the butchers’ stalls. If I wasn’t already vegetarian, I’m sure I would become one after a trip through the local suq.

Opet at Luxor Temple

Journal: Sunday 24 October 1999

Yesterday Jenny and I spent the day with friends. We took a bus to el-Arabet and visited my friend David in his house there, spending a lovely morning with him drinking his coffee while he read us some of his fabulous short stories about life in an Egyptian village. Later back in Luxor we met up with my friend Sam who had just arrived here with a couple of other friends from England and we hoped to do some trips with them before we leave.

Today we got down to some ‘work’ at Luxor Temple. I wanted to photograph the Opet reliefs of Tutankhamun. Luxor Temple, anciently known as ‘Ipet-resyt’ or ‘the Southern Opet’, served as a focal point for the Opet festival. Once a year the divine image of Amun with his consort Mut and their son Khonsu would journey in their sacred barques from Karnak Temples to the temple at Luxor, at some periods overland and at others by river, to celebrate the festival. Opet’s primary function was religious but the festival was also significant in maintaining the king’s divine role. On the west and east walls of Amenhotep III’s tall colonnade are the superbly executed reliefs of the Opet procession to and from Karnak. Depending on the time of day, the shallow carvings can look insignificant, but when the light is just right the shadows throw them into a dazzling story in sharp relief. Unfortunately, when one wall looks good, the other is in deep shade and they are probably best viewed in their complete state at night when the temple walls are lit from below.

Opet was one of the principle festivals of ancient Thebes, taking place in the season of Akhet, the season of inundation. It commemorated the annual Nile flood with its symbolism of renewal, both for the land of Egypt and the king himself, the great procession and following ceremonies recreating the drama and mysteries of the god Amun and his consort Mut. During the Dynasty XVIII reign of Amenhotep III, the barque of Amun containing the statue of the god was carried by priests from his shrine at Karnak, first to the Temple of Khonsu, then to the Temple of Mut, where it was joined by the statue of the goddess in her own barque and that of their child Khonsu, to journey together to Luxor Temple. It is likely that at this period that the king himself also took part in the ceremonies.

The west wall of the colonnade is not well preserved, but some of the remaining reliefs are beautiful. Here the story unfolds: preparations are made for the feast, beasts slaughtered and altars piled with offerings. Crowds of onlookers watch as acrobats and dancing girls accompany the priests who carry the barques to the Nile where they are towed upstream. Finally offerings are made to Amun, Mut and Khonsu. The east wall depicts the return journey of the barques to Karnak amid much celebration, culminating with more offerings and thanksgivings at the temple.

It is not certain just what took place while the god and his consort were enshrined in the inner depths of Luxor Temple. It is likely that the king would have undergone a repeat of the coronation ceremony to be rejuvenated for another year and that the deities, Amun and Mut would have performed the divine rite of union which kept the world in balance. It is a lovely thought that the festival in modern times, under the Islamic guise of a celebration of the birthday of Sheikh Abu l’Hagag, is still carried on in Luxor every year when model boats (barques) are carried out of the Abu l’Haggag mosque to tour the town on floats.

Aswan by Bus

Journal: Friday 22 October 1999

The 7.00am bus to Aswan was a big mistake. Jenny and I had shunned the air-conditioned ‘Superjet’ as being too touristy and instead, bought tickets on the less expensive but slower ‘Kul‘, or local bus. The tickets cost us LE6 (60p) return for a journey lasting about three hours. Taking our places in the queue (actually more like a free-for-all) we spotted the empty wide seat at the back of the bus which promised plenty of leg-room and headed for this, settling our backpacks and cameras around our feet. The bus was quite full when it set off and making ourselves comfortable among the Egyptian families with their ’luggage’ consisting of carrier bags and cardboard cartons tied with string, sacks of corn and live chickens or ducks in palm-leaf crates crammed into the overhead luggage racks, we sat back ready to enjoy the journey. It didn’t take us long to realise why none of the locals had sat in the spacious back seat which we shared with a lady from New Zealand. I was sitting next to the emergency door and every time the bus stopped or swerved (which was frequently) the seat flew off its base and deposited me on the floor at the bottom of the stairwell. I eventually managed to wedge myself in with my feet up on top of a hatch but after a few minutes discovered that my legs were resting on what seemed to be an engine cover that was burning hot, with vents giving off nauseating diesel fumes. There were no opening windows and the stuffy air inside the bus was stiflingly hot. The engine noise and grating gears of the ancient rattling bus, loud Arabic music and raised voices of the passengers did not make for a tranquil journey. By the time we arrived in Aswan after seemingly stopping to pick up and drop passengers and their animals in every little town along the Nile, we both felt quite ill.

After some fresh air and a restorative cup of coffee near the bus station we were feeling better, so Jenny and I negotiated a taxi to Philae Port for LE20. We were heading for the Temple of Isis, which was moved from Philae to Agilika Island after the building of the old Aswan Dam. At the port, we had to negotiate for a boat to take us to the island and bring us back again, eventually settling on a small motor boat piloted by a young Nubian called Ibrahim. For LE35 he said he would wait and bring us back from the island in two hours. At Mid-day the sun at its high-point was scorching with not even a breeze to ruffle the waves on the river water, but the temple itself was almost deserted. Most sensible tourists had gone back to Aswan for lunch. The sleeping guards and tourist police took no notice of us and we had a lovely hassle-free couple of hours wandering all over the island before hurrying back to the dock and our waiting boatman, who we found also fast asleep under a heap of blankets in the bottom of his boat. Bless him!

Back in town, the taxi dropped us off at the New Nubian Museum which I visited when I was in Aswan with my son a year ago. Unfortunately it was closed when we got there, so Jenny and I walked down the hill to the Old Cataract Hotel for tea - I had told my friend how lovely it was to sit out on the terrace overlooking Elephantine Island, another happy memory from last year. To my surprise, the policeman on the gate wouldn’t let us in, telling us that now only residents were allowed to have tea on the terrace. This has always been a favourite place for tourists and I have been several times before, but no amount of smiling, speaking a bit of Arabic or even pleading would change his mind. Eventually, after baksheesh was produced, he agreed to let us have a quick peek inside the hotel because Jenny so wanted to see it, but he sent someone to come and look for us before our allotted five minutes were up. We decided that we must look even more scruffy and dishevelled than we had thought.

To kill some time we walked through the bazaar along the whole length of Aswan, savouring the flavour of Africa in this southernmost Egyptian town. In ancient times it was from here that emissaries of the pharaohs left on the journey into Nubia, where they could obtain rich sources of gold and Nubia itself was the passage from Egypt to the exotic African lands beyond. Many pharaohs built small temples and fortresses along the banks of the Nile in Nubia and exported ebony, ivory, incense and precious metals and minerals back to Egypt, as well as Nubian slaves. Aswan is still different from the rest of Egypt - a vibrancy and warmth of colour can be found here which really makes it feel like a gateway to Africa. Eventually we found ourselves near the railway station and not relishing a return journey on the infernal bus, we booked first class tickets on the night train back to Luxor.

After a quick bite to eat in one of the many restaurants on the Corniche, it was back to the Nubian Museum, which by 5.30pm was open again and we spent a couple of hours wandering around this wonderful cool place looking at the artefacts and reading the very informative history-boards. There is so much to see here, especially outside in the gardens, that we ran out of time and had to jump in a taxi to get back to the railway station to catch our train at 8.00pm. The first class ticket cost us all of LE22 each (a little over £2.00) - but what a luxury and we both agreed was worth every last piastre!

To the Ramesseum

Journal: Thursday 21 October 1999

Last night Jenny and I had been invited to dinner at the home of Jennifer, who lives on the West Bank. We had a lovely evening with good food and good conversation and lots of music and laughter. At some point we got onto the subject of camels and how much Jenny would like to ride one. Jennifer’s husband Mandour immediately offered to take us for a camel ride the next day - which I flatly refused, but Jenny excitedly accepted. My recent encounters with riding animals had been less than successful and the thought of being uncomfortably perched high above the ground on a layer of blankets on top of a hump, trotting along dirt tracks or crowded tarmac roads did not appeal. Maybe if this was the only means of transport and I needed to cross a desert, I would think again, but this particular trip I did not consider necessary. So this morning Jenny went off alone for her camel adventure and I had the morning off to wander the streets of Luxor, meeting my friend David at the Amoun restaurant for coffee. This was the first time we’d managed to meet up on this trip so far and I thought he really wasn’t looking very well.

At lunchtime I crossed the river and met Jenny at the Rameses Cafe at Medinet Habu as we had agreed. She enjoyed her camel ride very much and had organised to hire a horse from the stables for later in the week, having reawakened an old passion for riding. We had lunch (lentil soup), chatted with my friend Salah and browsed his bookstall before deciding to spend the afternoon at the Ramesseum.

Walking along the dusty road to Qurna, several tour buses passed going in the other direction towards the bridge, a good sign that the temple would be fairly quiet. As usual around the Ramesseum area, there were many small ragged children selling little handmade peg-dolls and Jenny bought a couple just to get them off our backs. They kept surrounding us in groups of four or five, tugging and pulling at our clothes and stepping in front of us so that we couldn’t move, asking for ‘Bon-bon’ (sweets) and ’stylo’ (pens) or baksheesh, constantly calling out their predictable mantra of ‘What’s your name?’. These children are enterprising, well-meaning and obviously in need of our cash, but they are very persistent and can become tiresome and I have long ago given up trying to have a reasonable conversation with them. After Jenny bought the little dolls, she must have been spotted from the village because a dozen or more older children were suddenly running down the hill towards us. Luckily we had arrived at the temple and we hurried through the gate into safety. Tourist police sat dozing in a shelter at the entrance. In their badly-fitting white uniforms held together with black leather belts and crossed straps and holding mean-looking machine guns, they woke up long enough to chase away the children and all became peaceful again.

Jenny went off to explore the temple while I concentrated on photographing Rameses’ battle reliefs on the Second Pylon and the depictions of barques of various gods in the ‘Astronomical Room’. The light today was just perfect for this. Later, one of the guards I had met last year brought us both a cup of tea and we sat in the shade of the dimly-lit hypostyle hall and chatted with him for half an hour. Afterwards, every time I pointed the lens of my camera at something, the guard was looking over my shoulder and shouting ‘Action!’ just as the shutter clicked. This was quite funny for a while….. !

In the late afternoon Jenny and I went back on the ferry to Luxor and to our hotel. We were staying in the newest and smartest hotel in town, the Sonesta, but had spent very little time there so far. Tonight we decided to splash out and have dinner in the hotel restaurant, which cost a fortune but was very nice. An early night because tomorrow we are off to Aswan.

The Eye of Re

Journal: Wednesday 20 October 1999

I don’t know what it is that attracts me to the goddess Sekhmet. When all is said and done she is a nasty piece of work, the instrument of vengeance used against mankind by the sun god Re. I was thinking about Sekhmet today when Jenny and I visited the destroyed mortuary temple of Amenhotep III on the West Bank.

Most visitors know this site as the ‘Colossi of Memnon’. While many tourists will tumble out of their coaches for a five-minute photo-opportunity in front the giant statues of Amenhotep III, far fewer give a thought to the huge temple which once stood behind these colossal figures that guarded the entrance. At first glance the ‘temple’ looks like a scrubby disused piece of ground, but since 1970 excavators have been discovering more to this site than first meets the eye. The structure was robbed in ancient times, when much of the stone was taken by Merenptah to be reused in the construction of his own temple. Many fragmentary objects and architectural elements, once part of Amenhotep’s temple, have now been recovered from below the surface and some have been preserved and placed on concrete pedestals on the site. We were shown over parts of the site by a very helpful guide. The most fascinating aspect of this temple for me, is that it had a massive quantity of statuary, especially monuments to the goddess Sekhmet. Examples of these large stone statues can now be seen in just about every museum in the world and there are a number of them at Karnak, in the open-air museum and in the Temple of Mut. It has been suggested that Amenhotep depicted the ‘Litany of Sekhmet’ by including a standing and a seated statue of the goddess for each day of the year, a fact mentioned in ancient texts. Many of these sculptures were later re-used by other pharaohs in their own monuments.

So who was Sekhmet? She is most often depicted as a lion-headed woman, wearing a long wig and a solar disc with cobra-uraeus on her head and is either seated on a block or standing holding a papyrus sceptre before her. As consort of the god Ptah and mother of Nefertem, her main place of worship was at Memphis, though she is represented in many Egyptian temples. She is often associated with or considered an aspect of other female deities, notably Hathor and Mut, but also Pakhet in Middle Egypt and Bastet in the Delta. Like everything in ancient Egypt, Sekhmet had a dual aspect, seen as both a healer and a destroyer.

There is an ancient story about how the ‘Eye of Re’ defeated the sun god’s enemies. In the story, Sekhmet was considered the daughter of the sun god Re (possibly as an aspect of Hathor). When her father (who ruled the world) was an old man, humanity began to turn against him, thinking that he could no longer keep the world in perfect order and it would recede into darkness and chaos. Learning of the plots against him, Re calls a council of the gods who advise him to take vengeance and when his enemies hear of this, they flee into the deserts of Egypt. In the myth, Sekhmet/Hathor becomes the ‘Eye of Re’ who is sent out into the world to pursue her father’s enemies and she becomes a deity of invincible destructive powers, rampaging through the deserts exulting in blood-lust and slaughter. It is perhaps at this point that the gods realise that there will be no humans left on earth to make food offerings to them on the temple altars and they have a change of heart. But by this time, Sekhmet is out of control. While she is resting before her next onslaught, a messenger is sent to Aswan to bring back a large quantity of red ochre, which is mixed with beer to resemble blood and left in jars where the goddess will find them. When she wakes up Sekhmet is delighted by her ‘bloody’ refreshment, drinks deeply and becomes thoroughly intoxicated. She is then taken home and the rest of mankind is saved from the destruction of the goddess.

Sekhmet became a goddess of war, accompanying the king into battle, causing storms and floods and fierce winds or destroying enemies with the fiery heat from her own body. She was a goddess who needed to be constantly appeased, but she also became known in her more benign aspect as a goddess of magic and healing, renowned for driving away sickness and epidemics. Amenhotep was known to be a sick man towards the end of his life and perhaps this is why the king had so many statues of Sekhmet placed in his temple. Egyptian mythology is a very complex subject and there is much more to the personality of this goddess in terms of symbolism, than at first is realised.

Egyptians right up until modern times seemed to hold Sekhmet’s statues in awe and maybe this is why I do too.

The Temple of Hatshepsut

Journal: Tuesday 19 October 1999

Jenny and I crossed the river again this morning, taking an arabeya and stopping at the taftsh to buy tickets to Deir el-Bahri temple. Whoopee! I discovered that the tombs of Roy and Shuroy at Dra Abu’l Naga were now open at last and so this was where we headed first. Another arabeya ride took us past Deir el-Bahri right to the northern end of the road to the King’s Valley turn-off and where the two small tombs are situated up in the hill slope.

These are the most recent tombs to be opened to visitors on the West Bank and have both been superbly restored. We first went into the tomb of Roy (TT255). He was a ‘Royal Scribe in the Estates of Horemheb and of Amun’, probably during Horemheb’s reign. His wife, who appears with him in the tomb paintings is named as Nebtawy, or ‘Tawy’ for short. This tiny tomb has only one small chamber with a niche and burial shaft. The quality, detail and colour of the paintings, however, makes up for it’s diminutive size and I was very lucky today because a professional photographer had been working here and the barriers protecting the walls had been removed for him, leaving the walls free of obstructions. I eyed his huge photographic lamps jealously, then got on with taking the best pictures I could with so little light. The beautiful paintings depict the usual funerary scenes, the journey to the tomb, banqueting feast etc. as well as  scenes from the ‘Book of Gates’. Right around the top of the wall is a lovely frieze of Hathor heads, Anubis jackals and the titles of the deceased. It is not only the walls which had my attention here, but also the fabulous ceiling decorated in a colourful geometric ‘textile’ design.

Shuroy’s Tomb (TT13), by comparison was larger, with two chambers, but a little disappointing. He held the title ‘Head of Brazier-bearers of Amun’ during the Ramesside Period. While the funerary scenes are similar to those of Roy and have also been restored, they are not nearly so well-preserved. The modern entrance is actually cut into the rear chamber of the tomb, so to view the paintings in the correct sequence, we first went into the smaller vestibule and began at the original entrance where there are traditional scenes from the ‘Book of Gates’ and where Shuroy and his wife, Wernefer, are shown in sketches, adoring the gods. A king and queen are depicted here but unfortunately the cartouches were left blank, so the date of the tomb is not known precisely. At the back of the vestibule is a niche decorated with women on the left and a man squatting, with Shuroy offering on the right.

Leaving Dra Abu’l Naga Jenny and I walked along the road towards Deir el-Bahri, stopping on the way to look in a shop selling statues. We didn’t actually buy anything, but gratefully accepted a cold drink from the owners and sat chatting with them for a while. When we left we were badly hassled all along the road by several young boys either selling things, asking for things and even making indecent propositions (this from a little boy of about 10 years old!). Eventually we arrived hot and bothered at the Temple of Hatshepsut to find that the entrance to the temple has been changed, routing all visitors through a tourist bazaar which is now impossible to avoid. So it was head down, making no eye contact with the vendors and head straight through security to the temple steps.

While Jenny did a tour of the temple, I concentrated on the second terrace where the wonderful reliefs of Hatshepsut are carved on the back walls of the south and north colonnades. The reliefs in the southern colonnade are the famous scenes of Hatshepsut’s expedition to Punt. The precise location of Punt is not known, but it is thought to have been probably on the east coast of Africa, to the south of Egypt. The end wall shows a village in the land of Punt, its dome-shaped houses on stilts with ladders to access them. There are wonderful birds and animals all around. Men are cutting trees, including incense and ebony and carrying off heaps of tribute and treasure to be taken back to Egypt. The famous relief of Ity the ‘Queen of Punt’ - a grotesquely fat lady, the wife of Parahu, Punt’s chief - is now in Cairo Museum but has been replaced by a reproduction. On the western wall elaborately-rigged sailing boats get ready to bring the tribute back to Egypt, including incense trees in baskets, cattle, baboons and a panther. There are many types of fish in the water in the register below. Further along I saw reliefs of the transplanted incense trees in the gardens at Karnak and the produce from the expedition being weighed and documented by officials before being presented to the queen to be offered to Amun. At the very end of the southern portico is a Chapel of Hathor with many reliefs of Hatshepsut being licked or suckled by the goddess in the form of a cow. Beautiful Hathor-headed pillars line the central part of the hall and lead the way to the sanctuary area of the chapel cut into the hillside at the back. On the northern wall in the hypostyle of the Hathor Chapel are colourful scenes of boats and a parade of soldiers, a panther and Libyans dancing in a festival of Hathor.

The northern colonnade begins with a Chapel of Anubis which echoes the Hathor Chapel on the southern side and shows colourful scenes of Hatshepsut in the presence of the jackal-headed god. In some places Hatshepsut’s figure has been removed but the figure of her successor Tuthmose III remains in offering scenes to Amun as well as Anubis, Wepwawet, Sokar, Osiris and other mortuary gods. In the northern portico we see scenes of the queen establishing her right to rule by illustrating her divine birth. The reliefs are very shallow and not easy to see, but show the divine union of Hatshepsut’s mother Ahmose with Amun. Khnum the creator god then fashions the queen and her ka on the potter’s wheel and Ahmose is led to the birth-room by the goddess Hekat who presides over the birth. Hatshepsut is then presented to Amun and a number of other deities and the goddess Seshat, with Hapi, records her name and reign length. The register above portrays the coronation ceremonies of the queen where she is crowned first by her father Tuthmose I, then by Horus and Set.

Deir el-Bahri seems to be busy at all times of the day and today was no exception. Next to the Kings’ Valley it is the most popular tourist site on the West Bank and by the time we left in the middle of the afternoon there were still a lot of people in the temple. We wandered southwards across the sandy mounds of el-Khoka and were called over to a little hut where some guards had recognised me. We stopped to sit with them, while they brewed tea for us on a little gas stove and Jenny had a lesson in turban-making with her long white cotton scarf. Then one of the guards offered to show us the Dynasty XXV tomb of Mentuemhet (TT34), an important Mayor of Thebes. The tomb itself was not open to visitors, but we could look down into the massive sun court into Montuemhet’s impressive monument. What a bonus!

Back on the main road we caught an arabeya to the ferry and crossed the river once more. Back to the Sonesta for a shower and change before walking to the Amoun Restaurant for dinner. As always, we were warmly greeted by Hag Sayed, the restaurant’s owner, who was sitting at his usual table at the back, dealing with the money. He’s a lovely man and always sends over a ‘welcome drink’ of lemon juice whenever I arrive. When we had finished dinner it was still quite early, so Jenny and I took a motor boat back over to the West Bank to the el-Gezira Hotel to visit my friends among the staff there. As luck would have it, it was party night!